Archive for July 19th, 2009
Why The Neanderthals Were Always An Endangered Species
Ewen Callaway / New Scientist – July 18, 2009
For much of their 400,000 year history, Neanderthals were few and far between, a new analysis of genetic material from several of the extinct, ancient humans now suggests.
It’s difficult to put a number on the population of a species based on DNA alone, but less than a few hundred thousand of the archaic humans roamed Europe and Asia at any one time, says Adrian Briggs, an evolutionary geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. “There never were million and millions of Neanderthals,” he told New Scientist.
That conclusion isn’t exactly Earth-shattering. Archaeological digs suggest that Neanderthals hardly lived in megacities, and the mitochondrial genome sequence from one individual found in Croatia also hints at low population sizes. But the new findings represent the most detailed look at Neanderthal genetic diversity yet published.
Low Diversity
What is most obvious is how little genetic heterogeneity they possessed. The mitochondrial genomes of six Neanderthals recovered in Spain, Croatia, Germany and Russia differ at only 55 locations out of more than 16,000 letters. This represents three times less mitochondrial diversity than modern humans possess.
Because of this low diversity, Briggs’ team infers that Neanderthal populations must have been relatively small. “Populations with much larger sizes carry more genetic diversity, you have more individuals and more mutations,” he says.
The researchers analysed bone samples that, by and large, came during the twilight of the Neanderthal’s reign around 40,000 years ago. Neanderthals probably went extinct somewhere between 24,000 and 28,000 years ago.
It’s possible that Briggs’ team has taken a genetic snapshot of a species on the verge of extinction, however other genetic clues indicate that Neanderthal populations stayed low for much of their history, he says.
Highs and Lows
Neanderthal mitochondria were far more likely than humans or chimpanzees to contain potentially harmful mutations in mitochondrial genes that changed the shape of proteins, Brigg’s team found. Since these mutations incur an evolutionary cost, they will eventually be weeded out. But this process occurs very slowly in small populations, Briggs says. Hence, Neanderthals numbers probably stayed low for a long time.
Chris Stringer, a palaeontologist at the Natural History Museum in London, agrees that Neanderthal populations were probably small. “They must have been on the edge of extinction by this time to have so few people scattered in Europe,” he says.
However during warm spells, their numbers and range probably swelled, only to contract in leaner times, Stringer says. “I think the numbers would have fluctuated. They would have had good times and bad times, and this data reflect that in the last 100,000 years they were having bad times.”
It’s tempting to think that the arrival of modern humans to Europe about 45,000 years ago pushed Neanderthal numbers even lower by competing for increasingly scarce resources. But the invading Homo sapiens would have been relatively rare too, Stringer says. “You’ve got to consider the possibility that they might not have met each other that often.”
The Tonka Report Editor’s Note: Besides the fact that I love history, the reason I posted this goes much deeper than just that. Albeit I’m a Christian, I agree with certain principles of evolution in nature. However, I don’t believe as many Christians do that the earth is only 6,000 years old. There is far too much archaelogical evidence to prove otherwise.
With that said, Adam was not the first man “created” (Genesis 1:27), he was the first man “formed” with a “living soul” (Genesis 2:7)… – Tonka
Link to original article below…
http://www.sott.net/articles/show/189370-Why-Neanderthals-were-always-an-endangered-species
Obama Signs Executive Order Barring Release Of Birth Certificate
The Freedom Medium – July 19, 2009
First, we did a story about an Army Major who filed suit regarding his deployment to Afghanistan on the grounds that Obama was not America’s legitimate Commander-In Chief.
World Net Daily thought highly enough of this article to link to it on their front page.
Then we did an article pointing out the differences between a Birth Cerificate and a Certification Of Live Birth.
Some of the biggest names in conservative news have weighed in on this topic, such as Michelle Malkin, Sean Hannity, Rush Limbaugh and numerous others have offered their opinions.
One of the people at the forefront of this issue is Joseph Farah and his staff over at World Net Daily.
They are even running an online petition demanding Obama produce a long-form birth certificate.
Thanks to the alertness of our great friend and loyal supporter Erica, who gave us the heads-up on this, it appears that the issue of Obama being forced to produce a copy of his birth certificate may prove to be extremely difficult, if not impossible.
On January 21st, 2009, his very first day in office, Barack Obama implemented and signed into law Executive Order 13489.
The Tonka Report Editor’s Note: Barry Soetero aka Barack Hussein Obama, signed Executive Order 13489 on his very first day of office… – Tonka
Link to entire article below…
Will Chromosome Y Go Bye-Bye? – Is the End of Men Imminent?
Radha Chitale / ABC News – July 17, 2009
What makes a man a man? Socially, that is a complicated question. Genetically, however, it is as simple as a single Y chromosome. But guys, that chromosome is in trouble.
In a new study, researchers say there is a dramatic loss of genes from the human Y chromosome that eventually could lead to its complete disappearance — in the next few millennia. While the Y chromosome’s degeneration has been known to geneticists and evolutionary biologists for decades, the study sheds new light on some of the evolutionary processes that may have contributed to its demise and posits that, as the degeneration continues, the Y chromosome could disappear from our genetic repertoire entirely.
“It’s certainly possible, but it’s difficult to predict when it will happen,” said Kateryna Makova, an associate professor of biology at Penn State University, who led the study, which was published Thursday in the journal PLoS Genetics.
Although geneticists and evolutionary biologists agree that the Y chromosome is degenerating — and far more rapidly than its X counterpart — they reject the idea of a world far in the future where men are obsolete.
“The idea that the Y chromosome has just bailed out of an airplane without a parachute simply doesn’t fit the facts,” said Dr. David Page, director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Mass., and a Y chromosome expert. “The evidence from studies on natural deletions of [genes on] the human Y chromosome shows there are consequences, especially for sperm production, that implies very strong natural selection against the loss of genes on the human Y chromosome.”
CBC Documentary – The Disappearing Male
The Tonka Report Editor’s Note: Between vaccinations, flouridated water with sex hormones, GMO foods, chemtrails, and a myriad of other assaults on the human body, it’s a wonder we’re still alive at all… – Tonka
Link to entire article below…
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/MensHealthNews/story?id=8104217&page=1&cid=yahoo_pitchlist
21st Century Traitors – The Evisceration Of The U.S. Constitution
21st Century Traitors
Walter Cronkite: A Most Trusted Asset Of Operation MOCKINGBIRD
Kurt Nimmo / Infowars – July 18, 2009
“It is impossible to imagine CBS News, journalism or indeed America without Walter Cronkite,” said Sean McManus, president of CBS News, on the passing of Walter Cronkite. “More than just the best and most trusted anchor in history, he guided America through our crises, tragedies and also our victories and greatest moments.”
I wonder if Mr. McManus knew the real Cronkite — Cronkite the former intelligence officer who was lured away from his UPI Moscow desk by Operation Mockingbird’s Phil Graham.
Of course he did. Because the corporate media, at least at the level Walter Cronkite occupied, is rife with spooks, government agents, and disinfo operatives. The CIA has “important assets” inside every major news publication in the country, a fact established by numerous FOIA documents. A rare glimpse was also provided by Frank Church’s committee in the mid-70s.
Some of the journalists working the CIA’s side of the street “were Pulitzer Prize winners, distinguished reporters who considered themselves ambassadors-without-portfolio for their country,” Carl Bernstein wrote in an article published in Rolling Stone in October, 1977. “Most were less exalted: foreign correspondents who found that their association with the Agency helped their work; stringers and freelancers who were as interested in the derring-do of the spy business as in filing articles, and, the smallest category, full-time CIA employees masquerading as journalists abroad.”
“It was not until 1982 that the Agency openly admitted that reporters on the CIA payroll have acted as case officers to agents in the field,” writes Alex Constantine in The Depraved Spies and Moguls of the CIA’s Operation MOCKINGBIRD. “Most consumers of the corporate media were — and are — unaware of the effect that the salting of public opinion has on their own beliefs.”
“In the 1950s, outlays for global propaganda climbed to a full third of the CIA’s covert operations budget. Some 3,000 salaried and contract CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts. The cost of disinforming the world cost American taxpayers an estimated $265 million a year by 1978, a budget larger than the combined expenditures of Reuters, UPI and the AP news syndicates.”
Cronkite betrayed his kindly and fatherly demeanor in 1999 when he accepted the Norman Cousins Global Governance Award at the ceremony at the United Nations:
Watch the video below…
Walter Cronkite: “I’m glad to sit on the right hand of Satan.”
The Tonka Report Editor’s Note: Here is your hero of “free and unbiased journalism” folks. Yet another paid shill for the New World Order who worships the darkness of Satan… – Tonka
Link to entire article below…
http://www.infowars.com/walter-cronkite-most-trusted-asset-of-operation-mockingbird/
The Tonka Report 